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PICOSCOPY – THE DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF MOLECULES
The review presents a series of direct images of the density of electron clouds of atoms and molecules of various substances. To carry out a direct visualization of the molecules allowed three finishing steps that complete the three thousand-year scientific marathon. Three finishing steps are three fundamental discoveries in the field of quantum mechanics. First: it was experimentally discovered that atoms can shift an electron beam. Secondly, the theory of the shift of the electron beam by an atom was built using the methods of theoretical physics. Third: Picoscope was created – a new tool for obtaining a direct image of molecules by mathematical transformation of images taken on Transmission Electron Microscopes. Thanks to this discovery, The resolution was reached 10 to minus 12 degrees meters, that’s why the name was suggested – Picoscopy, by analogy with microscopy. The result was Picoscopy – the science of direct visualization of pico-sized objects. The review contains a series of direct picoscopic images presented at international conferences and published in scientific journals. These are: molecules with their ionic, covalent and Van der Waals chemical bonds; rotational molecules; oscillatory motion of atoms in the crystal lattice; semiconductors, in the structure of which zones of conductors, semiconductors and insulators are visible; solid solutions, where silicon and germanium atoms visually differ; visual manifestation of dislocations in the crystal. Molecules forming nanoscale objects, such as nanotubes, bulbs, quantum dots, are given. An overdense double-layer graphite discovered by means of a Picoscope is described.
The proposed Project: “Visualization of molecules in each laboratory and in each classroom”, which is open to organizations and researchers. The implementation of the Project will significantly improve the teaching of natural sciences, expand the capabilities of existing industries and start new ones. The emergence of Picoscopy will lead to the creation of a whole series of new natural sciences, as well as once the microscopy led to a qualitative leap.